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20世紀東歐和俄蘇移民： 西方人文學科興盛的又一個動力
十月革命之後，二戰到來之前，解凍思潮之後，新思維改革以降，先後開啟四波俄國和東歐移民西方浪潮，移民中有著大量的專業學者、文學藝術家，他們在西方，尤其是在美國的大學獲得重要的學術職位，利用大西洋兩岸各大學的條件優厚的學院制度，在語言學、文學批評、斯拉夫文學和哲學等，做出了巨大貢獻，從而推動人文學科飛速發展。 READ MORE...
Rural Collective China as an Organic Energy Regime
The Maoist development model relied on labor mobilization in agriculture and infrastructure construction, and on non-equivalent exchange between the agricultural and industrial sectors. Throughout the Mao years, the countryside received few modern inputs. Most labor was performed by human and animal muscle rather than by machines. Most fertilizer was organic, laboriously collected and composted from human and animal excrement and other organic matter. Most heating in rural households came from crop residues or firewood collected in the hills. At the same time, the urban-industrial sector transitioned from an organic to a fossil-fuel energy regime, powered by coal and petrol. For about two decades, the government expected the rural-agrarian sector to expand at the same pace as the urban-industrial sector, despite the fact that the countryside had little access to output-boosting fossil fuels. This led, on the one hand, to a rural energy crisis, as the same limited resources of land and organic matter were needed to meet conflicting demands for fuel, fodder, compost, etc. and, on the other hand, to labor intensification at the household level, as women and children were mobilized to fill the gaps resulting from extraction. READ MORE...